#Pope Gregory XI

[thepastisalreadywritten]

The Feast of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, celebrated annually on November 21st, commemorates the presentation of the Blessed Virgin as a child by her parents in the Temple in Jerusalem.

Before Mary's birth, her parents received a heavenly message that they would bear a child.

In thanksgiving for God's gift of Mary's birth, they brought her to the Temple to consecrate their only daughter to The Lord.

The celebration of the Feast is first documented in the 11th century within the Byzantine Catholic Church.

It was introduced into the Roman Catholic Church in the 15th century by Pope Gregory XI, then removed from the calendar by Pope Pius V in the mid 16th century.

Pope Sixtus V later reestablished the feast in 1585.

It is still celebrated today, commemorating the faith of her parents, Joachim and Anne, and the purity of Mary.

[anastpaul]

Quote/s of the Day – 9 June – The Popes on the Sacred Heart of Jesus

Quote/s of the Day – 9 June – “The Month of the Sacred Heart of Jesus” and within the Octave of the Sacred Heart – Pentecost III “Learn of the Heart of Godin the Words of God,so that you may ardently longfor eternal things.” St Pope Gregory the Great (540-604)Great Father and Doctor of the Church “In the Sacred Heart,there is the Symboland the express Imageof the Infinite Love of Jesus…

[cellabella-illuminates]

Happy April, everyone!

St. Catherine of Siena's feast day is April 29th - if you have anyone in your life who is a fan of this Doctor of the Church, you could gift them this print on her feast day because I finally put them in my shop!

About my illustration and print as well as a little about St. Catherine of Siena:

This is a 5” x 7”  limited edition giclée print (ten editions) on Epson Somerset Velvet - 255 gsm, certified archival paper. Each print is signed, titled, and numbered. Also, the halo on each print is hand-painted with gold gouache, giving each print a unique reflective quality. Shipping and archival picture-framing tips are included.

St. Catherine of Siena, a third-order Dominican from the 14th century, is one of the first female saints named a Doctor of the Church; patron saint of Europe, Italy, journalists, mediators, and people ridiculed for their faith.

In this image, Saint Catherine is standing between Italy and France (Italy is behind her and France is in front of her). She is holding a crucifix in her right hand, as well as a pink rose and a lily, symbols of love and purity. She is extending her left hand toward the border of France (and the viewer) calling the Pope back to Rome. 

This is referencing the time during which the Pope had left Rome for the French city of Avignon, which had resulted in a crisis within the Church called the Great Schism of the West, in which multiple men backed by different kings claimed the papacy. Through her letters, Catherine persuaded Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome from France, persuading also other rulers to recognize the true pope. In addition to calling the Pope back to Rome, she was essential for diplomatic missions to negotiate a peace with Florence. St. Catherine had a gift for telling men to get off their asses and bringing peace. In my illustration, she is reaching out to the viewer, looking directly at them, reminding them of the same thing: get up and do what the Lord has called you to do.

On her head is a crown of thorns, symbolizing a vision she had five years before her death in which Christ offered her a golden crown, symbolizing earthly riches, or a crown of thorns, symbolizing the glory of heaven through suffering in this life (St. Catherine chose the latter). She is also shown with the stigmata on her hands, which she also received in a mystical vision five years before her death.

[cruger2984]

The Pretty Cures and its Saints: Smile Pretty Cure!

LONG. TIME. COMING. 2012 is the year that is all gon' crazy - from the Linsanity takeover, Obama got re-elected as the Commander-in-Chief, Loreen winning in Baku, to the end of the Mayan calendar (and it's not the end of the world as we know it). So, without further ado, here are the Smile Cures with their birthdays corresponding with feast days that is honored and recognized by the Roman Catholic Church!

January 10 - Miyuki Hoshizora (Cure Happy)

St. William of Donjeon (Guillaume de Donjeon): French prelate of the Cistercian order who served as the Archbishop of Bourges from 1200 AD until his passing. He was also known for his deep devotion to the Blessed Sacrament and for his conversion of sinners, and oversaw the construction of the new archdiocesan cathedral that his predecessor had authorized and in which he himself would be buried. It had been claimed that he performed eighteen miracles in life and a further eighteen in death.

May 8 - Akane Hino (Cure Sunny)

The Apparition of St. Michael the Archangel: Traditionally in the Liturgy of the Church, there are two feasts of St. Michael in the Universal Calendar: May 8 and September 29. According to the Roman Breviary, the feast was instituted to thank God for a military victory achieved at Monte Gargano, Italy, on May 8th in the year 663, through the intercession of St. Michael.

December 14 - Yayoi Kise (Cure Peace)

St. John of the Cross: Spanish Carmelite priest, mystic and friar, who is a major figure of the Counter-Reformation in Spain, and he is one of the thirty-seven Doctors of the Church. John is known for his writings, and was mentored by and corresponded with the older Carmelite Teresa of Ávila. Both his poetry and his studies on the development of the soul, particularly his Noche Obscura, are considered the summit of mystical Spanish literature and among the greatest works of all Spanish literature. Canonized a saint by Pope Benedict XIII in 1726 and declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius XI in 1926.

October 9 - Nao Midorikawa (Cure March)

St. Louis Bertrand: Spanish Dominican friar, confessor, missionary, and religious brother who is known as the ’Apostle of South America.’ After his ordination by St. Thomas of Villanova, he went to South America for his missionary work. According to legend, a deadly draught was administered to him by one of the native priests. Through Divine interposition, the poison failed to accomplish its purpose. There is a town festival, called La Tomatina in Buñol, Valencia, in his honor along with Mare de Déu dels Desemparats.

February 10 - Reika Aoki (Cure Beauty)

St. Scholastica: According to a tradition from the 9th century, she is the twin sister of St. Benedict. She is the foundress of the women’s branch of Benedictine Monasticism, and is the patron saint of nuns, education, and convulsive children, and is invoked against storms and rain, due to a narrative that can be found in the Dialogues by St. Gregory the Great.

March 17 - Ayumi Sakagami (Cure Echo)

St. Gertrude of Nivelles: 17th century Benedictine abbess who, with her mother Itta, founded the Abbey of Nivelles, now in Belgium. She is the patron saint of travelers, gardeners, against plague and cats.

[mybeautifulchristianjourney]

Today in Christian History

Today is Tuesday, January 17th, the 17th day of 2023. There are 348 days left in the year.

Today’s Highlight in History:

1377: Pope Gregory XI enters Rome from Avignon, hoping to put down an Italian revolt against him. He will send  Robert of Geneva (later antipope Clement VII) with a company of ferocious Breton adventurers to crush the rebellion with atrocities, but it will continue. In about a year, Gregory will die, leaving the situation worse than it was.

1525: Zurich City Council holds a public debate on infant baptism, which reformer Ulrich Zwingli has mandated as a covenantal act, but which Anabaptists such as Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz oppose, saying that baptism symbolizes a believer’s commitment to Christ and therefore must be entered into by adults with understanding.

1562: Edict of St. Germain is issued, allowing Huguenots to preach in France.

1677: Trial of Ludovick Muggleton, a fanatic religious leader who had gathered many followers and annoyed London authorities by claiming to be one of the two witnesses of Revelation 11 and publicly cursing opponents. He will be sentenced to stand in the pillory for three days in three sections of London, to pay a £500 fine (or go to jail), and to have his books publicly burned. The sect of Muggletonians had arisen under his teaching.

1705: Death in Essex, England, of John Ray, a naturalist and theologian. He systematized botanical classification and developed a theology that sought to understand God’s wisdom and power by studying created things. His system for classifying plants seems to have been the first to divide flowering plants into monocots and dicots.

1932: Death in London, England, of Charles Gore, founder of the Community of the Resurrection, an Anglican monastery. He had been an author, a bishop, and an advocate for social justice.

1945: Raoul Wallenberg, a Swedish Lutheran diplomat, is last seen alive by his friends after Soviets take him into custody. His resourcefulness had saved thousands of Hungarian Jews during Nazi occupation. He will be remembered with other Righteous Gentiles in the Episcopal Church calendar on July 16.

1977: The Supreme Court of India (Hindu) rules that the successful work of a Christian evangelist is a threat to the “freedom of conscience” guaranteed to all citizens of India.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 1.17

38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea. 1377 – Pope Gregory XI reaches Rome, after deciding to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon. 1524 – Giovanni da Verrazzano sets sail westward from Madeira to find a sea route to the Pacific Ocean. 1562 – France grants religious toleration to the Huguenots in the Edict of Saint-Germain. 1595 – During the French Wars of Religion, Henry IV of France declares war on Spain. 1608 – Emperor Susenyos I of Ethiopia surprises an Oromo army at Ebenat; his army reportedly kills 12,000 Oromo at the cost of 400 of his men. 1648 – England's Long Parliament passes the "Vote of No Addresses", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War. 1649 – The Second Ormonde Peace creates an alliance between the Irish Royalists and Confederates during the War of the Three Kingdoms. The coalition was then decisively defeated during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. 1773 – Captain James Cook leads the first expedition to sail south of the Antarctic Circle. 1781 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cowpens: Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the battle in South Carolina. 1799 – Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri, along with a number of other patriots, is executed. 1811 – Mexican War of Independence: In the Battle of Calderón Bridge, a heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats nearly 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries. 1852 – The United Kingdom signs the Sand River Convention with the South African Republic. 1873 – A group of Modoc warriors defeats the United States Army in the First Battle of the Stronghold, part of the Modoc War. 1885 – A British force defeats a large Dervish army at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan. 1893 – Lorrin A. Thurston, along with the Citizens' Committee of Public Safety, led the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the government of Queen Liliʻuokalani. 1899 – The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean. 1903 – El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico becomes part of the United States National Forest System as the Luquillo Forest Reserve. 1904 – Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard receives its premiere performance at the Moscow Art Theatre. 1912 – British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott reaches the South Pole, one month after Roald Amundsen. 1915 – Russia defeats Ottoman Turkey in the Battle of Sarikamish during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I. 1917 – The United States pays Denmark $25 million for the Virgin Islands. 1918 – Finnish Civil War: The first serious battles take place between the Red Guards and the White Guard. 1920 – Alcohol Prohibition begins in the United States as the Volstead Act goes into effect. 1941 – Franco-Thai War: Vichy French forces inflict a decisive defeat over the Royal Thai Navy. 1943 – World War II: Greek submarine Papanikolis captures the 200-ton sailing vessel Agios Stefanos and mans her with part of her crew. 1944 – World War II: Allied forces launch the first of four assaults on Monte Cassino with the intention of breaking through the Winter Line and seizing Rome, an effort that would ultimately take four months and cost 105,000 Allied casualties. 1945 – World War II: The Vistula–Oder Offensive forces German troops out of Warsaw. 1945 – The SS-Totenkopfverbände begin the evacuation of the Auschwitz concentration camp as the Red Army closes in. 1945 – Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg is taken into Soviet custody while in Hungary; he is never publicly seen again. 1946 – The UN Security Council holds its first session. 1948 – The Renville Agreement between the Netherlands and Indonesia is ratified. 1950 – The Great Brink's Robbery: Eleven thieves steal more than $2 million from an armored car company's offices in Boston. 1950 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 79 relating to arms control is adopted. 1961 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers a televised farewell address to the nation three days before leaving office, in which he warns against the accumulation of power by the "military–industrial complex" as well as the dangers of massive spending, especially deficit spending. 1961 – Former Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba is murdered in circumstances suggesting the support and complicity of the governments of Belgium and the United States. 1966 – Palomares incident: A B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 Stratotanker over Spain, killing seven airmen, and dropping three 70-kiloton nuclear bombs near the town of Palomares and another one into the sea. 1969 – Black Panther Party members Bunchy Carter and John Huggins are killed during a meeting in Campbell Hall on the campus of UCLA. 1977 – Capital punishment in the United States resumes after a ten-year hiatus, as convicted murderer Gary Gilmore is executed by firing squad in Utah. 1981 – President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos lifts martial law eight years and five months after declaring it. 1991 – Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins early in the morning as aircraft strike positions across Iraq, it is also the first major combat sortie for the F-117. LCDR Scott Speicher's F/A-18C Hornet from VFA-81 is shot down by a Mig-25 and is the first American casualty of the War. Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel in an unsuccessful bid to provoke Israeli retaliation. 1991 – Crown prince Harald V of Norway becomes King Harald V, following the death of his father, King Olav V. 1992 – During a visit to South Korea, Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa apologizes for forcing Korean women into sexual slavery during World War II. 1994 – The 6.7 Mw  Northridge earthquake shakes the Greater Los Angeles Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), leaving 57 people dead and more than 8,700 injured. 1995 – The 6.9 Mw  Great Hanshin earthquake shakes the southern Hyōgo Prefecture with a maximum Shindo of VII, leaving 5,502–6,434 people dead, and 251,301–310,000 displaced. 1996 – The Czech Republic applies for membership in the European Union. 1997 – Cape Canaveral Air Force Station: A Delta II carrying the GPS IIR-1 satellite explodes 13 seconds after launch, dropping 250 tons of burning rocket remains around the launch pad. 1998 – Clinton–Lewinsky scandal: Matt Drudge breaks the story of the Bill Clinton–Monica Lewinsky affair on his Drudge Report website. 2002 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, displacing an estimated 400,000 people. 2007 – The Doomsday Clock is set to five minutes to midnight in response to North Korea's nuclear testing. 2010 – Rioting begins between Muslim and Christian groups in Jos, Nigeria, results in at least 200 deaths. 2013 – Former cyclist Lance Armstrong confesses to his doping in an airing of Oprah's Next Chapter. 2016 – President Barack Obama announces the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. 2017 – The search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 is announced to be suspended.

[brewminate-blog]

TODAY IN HISTORY: October 19, 1386 - The Universität Heidelberg held its first lecture, making it the oldest German university. The Great Schism of 1378 made it possible for Heidelberg, a relatively small city and capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate, to gain its own university. The Great Schism was initiated by the election of two popes after the death of Pope Gregory XI in the same year. A special Pontifical High Mass in the Heiliggeistkirche was the ceremony that established the university. The motto was semper apertus—i.e., "the book of learning is always open."

[piouscatholic]

Feast Day – October 7 2024

#OurLadyoftheRosary

🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹

Our Lady of the Rosary is the title of the Blessed Virgin Mother.

The Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary is celebrated on October 7 every year in the Catholic Church to celebrate the anniversary of the victory that Christians got at the Gulf of Lepanto in Greece on October 7 1571 against the invading Ottoman Turks in Europe.

Pope Pius V was having a problem with the Turkish Ottoman Empire, an Islamic empire centered in Istanbul, which was expanding rapidly in the Christian regions of Europe.

The Turkish empire might have permitted the expansion of Islam deep into Europe.

Pope Pius V organized an alliance called the Holy League who set sail, with around 200 ships, in the Mediterranean to fight a very powerful Ottoman navy that had nearly 300 warships.

The Pope knew the military might of the Ottoman Turks, he, therefore, encouraged the Christians throughout Europe to gather in their churches and pray the Holy Rosary to invoke the help of the Blessed Virgin Mary against the powerful Ottoman navy.

On October 7 1571, the Christian fleets battled the Ottoman fleets at the Gulf of Lepanto in Greece and managed to capture and sink all but 13 of the Turkish ships.

The Christians won the battle which was attributed to the help of Mary Mother of God through praying of the rosary.

Pope Pius V dedicated October 7 as a thanksgiving day to Our Lady of Victory.

The name of the feast was later changed to Our Lady of the Rosary by Pope Gregory XIII.

This feast of Our Lady of the Rosary emphasizes the intercessory power of Mary.

It reminds us that when we Christians are in danger, they can pray to our Mother Mary for help.

#TheDevelopmentoftheRosary

According to the Dominicans, in 1206, St. Dominic had a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary who gave him the rosary to use as a tool to fight the heretics.

The Rosary has its roots in the 150 psalms where people who couldn’t read began praying 150 Hail Marys instead.

In the 16th century, the rosary was developed to have 5 joyful, 5 sorrowful, and 5 glorious mysteries.

The 5 Mysteries of Light were added to the Rosary in 2002, by Pope John Paul II.

#FeastofourLadyoftheRosary

After the victory of the Battle of Lepanto, Pope Pius V instituted the feast of Our Lady of Victory in 1571.

The name of the feast was changed to Feast of the Holy Rosary by Pope Gregory XIII, to be celebrated on the first Sunday of October.

In 1671, Pope Clement X extended the feast to the whole of Spain, and on August 5 1716, Pope Clement XI extended the feast to be celebrated by the Universal Church.

In 1913, Pope Pius X changed the feast day to October 7.

During the 1969 liturgical reforms, the feast of Our Lady of the Rosary is listed as a mandatory memorial.

#PrayerandNovenatoOurLadyoftheRosary

Beloved Mother Mary, I humbly come before you in prayer, kneeling at your feet as your cherished child.

I present to you this Holy Rosary, an offering made in accordance with your requests at Fatima, as an expression of my deep affection for you and as a means to honor the intentions of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

It serves as an act of reparation for the offenses committed against your Immaculate Heart and carries within it my earnest plea for a special favor during this Rosary Novena.

(State your specific request here).

I implore you to intercede on my behalf and present my petition to your Divine Son.

I am confident that your prayers hold immense power, and with your supplication, my request cannot be denied.

I acknowledge dear Mother, your desire for me to seek God’s holy Will concerning my entreaty.

If it is not in accordance with His divine plan to grant what I ask, I beseech you to pray that I may receive that which will bring greater benefit to my soul.

In my love for you, I offer this spiritual Bouquet of Roses.

I place all my trust in you, knowing that your intercession before God is supremely efficacious.

May my prayer be heard and granted for the greater glory of God and for the sake of Jesus, your beloved Son.

O Sweet Heart of Mary, be my source of salvation.

*May this novena be recited in conjunction with a daily recitation of the Rosary.*

https://catholicreadings.org/our-lady-of-the-rosary/

[n3rggg]

The Pope then sent Catherine to negotiate peace with the Florentine Republic. After Gregory XI's death (March 1378) and the conclusion of peace (July 1378), she returned to Siena. She dictated to secretaries her set of spiritual treatises, The Dialogue of Divine Providence.

[thepastisalreadywritten]

SAINT OF THE DAY (November 15)

Albertus Magnus OP, also known as Saint Albert the Great, Albert of Swabia or Albert of Cologne, was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, scientist, and bishop.

He is considered one of the greatest medieval philosophers and thinkers.

He is a Doctor of the Church and the patron saint of scientists and philosophers.

Albert was the eldest son of a powerful and wealthy German lord of military rank.

He was educated in the liberal arts. Despite fierce family opposition, he entered the Dominican novitiate.

His boundless interests prompted him to write a compendium of all knowledge: natural science, logic, rhetoric, mathematics, astronomy, ethics, economics, politics, and metaphysics.

His explanation of learning took 20 years to complete.

“Our intention,” he said, “is to make all the aforesaid parts of knowledge intelligible to the Latins.”

The native German joined the newly formed Order of Preachers (Dominicans) in the early 13th century.

He achieved his goal while serving as an educator at Paris and Cologne, as Dominican provincial, and even as bishop of Regensburg for a short time.

He defended the mendicant orders and preached the Crusade in Germany and Bohemia.

Albert became known as “Great” because of his intellectual abilities.

He was a respected philosopher, scientist, theologian, and teacher. He was also well-versed in Arabic culture.

One of his students, who later became a great friend and built upon his Scholastic method, was Thomas Aquinas.

He died on 15 November 1280.

He was beatified by Pope Gregory XV in 1622. He was canonized by Pope Pius XI on 16 December 1931.

[brother-joseph]

Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: Heroes, Popes in Hard Times, Book by Bob and Penny Lord, New.

[justana0kguy]

2023 SEPTEMBER 03 Kiwi Father's Day Sunday

"Courage, and don't be afraid. Arm yourselves with the Most Holy Cross, which is the salvation and the life of Christians; let say what is meant, and be firm in your holy resolution. Believe, and trust in Christ, sweet Jesus. Remain in the holy and sweet love of God. Forgive me, forgive me; may the crucified Jesus be with you. Sweet Jesus, Jesus love."

~ Saint Catherine of Siena, Eighth letter to Pope Gregory XI

[cruger2984]

THE DESCRIPTION OF SAINT CATHERINE OF SIENA The Patron of Those Against Fire and Miscarriages Feast Day: April 29

"Eternal God, eternal Trinity, you have made the blood of Christ so precious through his sharing in your divine nature. You are a mystery as deep as the sea; the more I search, the more I find, and the more I find the more I search for you. But I can never be satisfied; what I receive will ever leave me desiring more. When you fill my soul I have an even greater hunger, and I grow more famished for your light. I desire above all to see you, the true light, as you really are." -excerpt from 'The Dialogue of Divine Providence'

One of the few women to be declared Doctor of the Church, Catherine, was born Caterina di Jacopo di Benincasa, on the Feast of the Annunciation of Mary - March 25, 1347, in Siena, shortly before the Black Death ravaged Europe. Her parents were Lapa Piagenti, the daughter of a local poet, and Jacopo di Benincasa, a cloth dyer who ran his enterprise with the help of his sons.

At the age of six, after experiencing a vision of our Lord, Catherine consecrated her life to God. When she reached the age of 12, to convince her parents that she would never marry, she cut off her beautiful hair.

Catherine entered the Third Order of St. Dominic in 1365, and led a life of penance and prayer in her house. She was often subjected to trials and desolation.

One day, Catherine exclaimed: 'Oh Lord, where were you when my heart was so sorely troubled with temptations?'

The Lord replied: 'Daughter, I was in your heart, fortifying you by my grace.'

While Siena was celebrating a carnival, Catherine was praying in her room when our Lord appeared to her, accompanied by the Blessed Virgin Mary and a crowd of the heavenly host. Taking the girl's hand, the Blessed Virgin held it up to her Son, who placed a ring on it and espoused Catherine to himself. Although she cared for the sick and the prisoners, she was unjustly accused of being a fanatic and a hypocrite.

In 1375, as she was praying in the church of St. Cristina in Pisa, she received the stigmata from our Lord according to Raymond of Capua's biography. Because of her holiness, she was constantly called upon to arbitrate feuds and misunderstandings.

In June 1376, Catherine went to Avignon in France, to urge Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome, whence the pope has been absent for 74 years.

She spent the rest of her days composing 'The Dialogue of Divine Providence', a book which she wrote under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Besides, Catherine wrote about 400 letters of great interest, all of them remarkable for beauty and spirituality.

Showing a remarkable combination of respect, frankness and familiarity, she called the Pope, 'my sweet daddy,' while reminding him of his obligations as the leader of the Universal Church.

After offering herself as the victim for the Church, Catherine died peacefully in the Lord at the age of 33 on April 29, 1380, having eight days earlier suffered a massive stroke which paralyzed her from the waist down. Her last words were: 'Father, into Your Hands I commend my soul and my spirit.'

Catherine beatified on Christmas Eve 1460 and canonized by Pope Pius II in 1461, Pope Paul VI named Catherine a Doctor of the Church on October 4, 1970; this title was almost simultaneously given to Teresa of Avila, making them the first women to receive this honor.

[hysterical-histories]

What was The Great Schism?

Note: I’ll be discussing the Great Schism of 1377 and NOT 1053; also referred to as the Western Schism 

So what was the Great Schism? Well in short it was a religious crisis that occurred in the Catholic Church from 1377 to 1417. It saw it’s beginnings in 1309 when the papacy was moved from Rome to Avignon due to the political instability in Rome (This is an oversimplification but, the history of the Avignon papacy is a complicated topic in its own right). Due to damage that Avignon was causing to the papacy, Pope Gregory XI reestablished the papal capital in Rome in 1377. After the death of Pope Gregory XI, 13 Cardinals gathered to elect his successor Archbishop of Bari, who would take the name Pope Urban VI. 

Initially Pope Urban XI was recognized as the legitimate Pope however, as time passed many began to take issue with his behavior. In the book the History of the city of Rome it is stated that “His sudden elevation filled him with arrogant bewilderment, and appears, in fact, to have turned his brain.” and “Instead of gradually gaining them over by wise gentleness, he provoked them by harshness”. This show of disrespect caused several of the cardinals to retire to Anagni and elect Robert of Geneva as the new pope, who took the name of Pope Clement VII. 

Clement VII would take residency in Avignon and this would effectively divide the papacy into two factions. And it would continue on even after the deaths of Urban XI and Clement VII. Several attempts were made to try and resolve the schism. The Conciliar  Movement is what would end up ending the schism. The movement sought to reform the church by creating a council of cardinals that would be more powerful than the pope. This movement would fail in its main goal but, still brought about the end of the schism by facilitating several conferences.

 The Council of Pisa in 1409 sought to end the schism by electing a third Pope Alexander V, who would be succeeded by John XXIII. In 1414 John would call the Council of Constance. The Council effectively deposed him as Pope, saw the resignation of Gregory XII in Rome, and would declare the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII as illegitimate. With the renunciation of the three Popes it allowed for the election of Martin V in 1417 officially ending the Great Schism. 

Timeline:

Sources: https://www.britannica.com/event/Western-Schism  https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13539a.htm https://archive.org/details/historycityrome03hamigoog/page/n153/mode/2up?view=theater 

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 5.22 (before 1920)

192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. 1176 – The Hashshashin (Assassins) attempt to assassinate Saladin near Aleppo. 1200 – King John of England and King Philip II of France sign the Treaty of Le Goulet. 1246 – Henry Raspe is elected anti-king of the Kingdom of Germany in opposition to Conrad IV. 1254 – Serbian King Stefan Uroš I and the Republic of Venice sign a peace treaty. 1370 – Brussels massacre: Between six and twenty Jews are murdered and the rest of the Jewish community is banished from Brussels, Belgium, for allegedly desecrating consecrated Host. 1377 – Pope Gregory XI issues five papal bulls to denounce the doctrines of English theologian John Wycliffe. 1455 – Start of the Wars of the Roses: At the First Battle of St Albans, Richard, Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England. 1520 – The massacre at the festival of Tóxcatl takes place during the Fall of Tenochtitlan, resulting in turning the Aztecs against the Spanish. 1629 – Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and Danish King Christian IV sign the Treaty of Lübeck ending Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. 1762 – Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Hamburg. 1762 – Trevi Fountain is officially completed and inaugurated in Rome. 1766 – A large earthquake causes heavy damage and loss of life in Istanbul and the Marmara region. 1804 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition officially begins as the Corps of Discovery departs from St. Charles, Missouri. 1807 – A grand jury indicts former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr on a charge of treason. 1809 – On the second and last day of the Battle of Aspern-Essling (near Vienna, Austria), Napoleon I is defeated in a major battle for the first time in his career, and repelled by an enemy army for the first time in a decade. 1816 – A mob in Littleport, Cambridgeshire, England, riots over high unemployment and rising grain costs, and the riots spread to Ely the next day. 1819 – SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, United States, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. 1826 – HMS Beagle departs on its first voyage. 1840 – The penal transportation of British convicts to the New South Wales colony is abolished. 1846 – The Associated Press is formed in New York City as a non-profit news cooperative. 1848 – Slavery is abolished in Martinique. 1849 – Future U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is issued a patent for an invention to lift boats, making him the only U.S. president to ever hold a patent. 1856 – Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina severely beats Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts with a cane in the hall of the United States Senate for a speech Sumner had made regarding Southerners and slavery. 1863 – American Civil War: Union forces begin the Siege of Port Hudson which lasts 48 days, the longest siege in U.S. military history. 1864 – American Civil War: After ten weeks, the Union Army's Red River Campaign ends in failure. 1866 – Oliver Winchester founded the Winchester Repeating Arms 1872 – Reconstruction Era: President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act into law, restoring full civil and political rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers. 1874 – Verdi's Requiem was first performed at San Marco in Milan on the first anniversary of Manzoni's death. 1905 – The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II establishes the Ullah millet for the Aromanians of the empire. For this reason, the Aromanian National Day is sometimes celebrated on this day, although most do so on May 23 instead, which is when this event was publicly announced. 1906 – The Wright brothers are granted U.S. patent number 821,393 for their "Flying-Machine". 1915 – Lassen Peak erupts with a powerful force, the only volcano besides Mount St. Helens to erupt in the contiguous U.S. during the 20th century.

[sheetmusiclibrarypdf]

La Marche des rois - Chant trad. provençale repris par Bizet dans L'Arlésienne (partition,sheet music)

La Marche des rois - Chant trad. provençale repris x Bizet dans L'Arlésienne (partition,sheet music) Easy Piano Solo arr.

https://youtu.be/KsDBOdWDRwQ

The March of the Kings or The March of the Three Kings or, in Provençal, La Marcho di Rèi is a popular Christmas carol of Provençal origin celebrating Epiphany and the Three Kings. Its revival by Georges Bizet for his Arlésienne popularized the theme. The precise origins of both the tune and the lyrics are uncertain and debated. The words are regularly attributed to Joseph-François Domergue (1691-1728), priest-dean of Aramon, in the Gard, from 1724 to 1728, whose name appears on the first manuscript copy dated 1742 and kept at the library of Avignon. The text is published in the Compendium of Provençal and Francois Spiritual Songs engraved by Sieur Hue published in 1759. Subsequently, the work was included in the various editions of the Provençal Christmas collection by the poet and composer of the 17th century Nicolas Saboly (1614-1675) to which it has often — and erroneously — been attributedNote. According to the 1742 document, the song uses the air of a Marche de Turenne1. This mention corresponds to the established practice of noëlistes consisting in placing their texts on “known” French songs spread by the printing press. One hypothesis is that this Marche de Turenne would be a military march dating back to the 17th century, in honor of the victories of Marshal de Turenne, which some authors wanted to attribute to Lully, although no document corroborates this attribution. An Avignon tradition rather dates the Marche de Turenne back to the 15th century, at the time of King René (1409-1480) while certain authors from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century leaned towards a reference to Raymond de Turenne (1352 -1413), known as Le Fléau de Provence, grandnephew of Pope Clement VI and nephew of Pope Gregory XI. In the 21st century, several American researchers postulate that the March of the Kings has a medieval origin dating back to the 13th century; it could then be one of the oldest Christmas carols listed with Veni redemptor gentium, and perhaps the first entirely composed in the vernacular language, and not in Latin. According to research carried out by the scholar Stéphen d'Arve at the end of the 19th century, the only known score is that of Étienne-Paul Charbonnier (1793-1872), organist at the cathedral of Aix-en-Provence , who — perhaps taking it from the chain of its predecessors — had reconstructed it from memory, modifying its orchestration as new instruments were introduced. Henri Maréchal, an inspector of the Conservatoires de France who did research at the request of Frédéric Mistral, thought, for his part, that 'La Marcha dei Rèis' must have been composed by the Abbé Domergue himself. Covers and adaptations The March of the Kings is one of the themes of the overture to L'Arlésienne (1872), incidental music composed by Georges Bizet for a drama on a Provençal subject by Alphonse Daudet. According to the musicologist Joseph Clamon, Bizet was able to find the melody of this march in a book published in 1864. After the failure of the drama, Bizet drew from incidental music a suite for orchestra (Suite no 1) which met with immediate success. In 1879, four years after the composer's death, his friend Ernest Guiraud produced a second suite (Suite no 2) in which the March of the Kings is taken up in canon in the last part of the revised work. Certain passages are also found in Edmond Audran's operetta Gillette de Narbonne, created in 188219. The words of a song 'M'sieu d'Turenne', which can be sung to the tune of the March of the Kings, are due to Léon Durocher (1862-1918). The March of the Kings has become a traditional French song and one of the most common Christmas carols in the repertoire of French-speaking choirs. It has had several covers by performers such as Tino Rossi, Les Quatre Barbus, Marie Michèle Desrosiers or, in English, Robert Merrill. The piece has been adapted many times, notably by the organist Pierre Cochereau through an improvised toccata in 1973 for the Suite à la Française on popular themes. Read the full article